Research Article
Transformative professional learning: Critical affinity groups for veteran K-12 Teachers of Color
More Detail
1 University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA2 Middlesex Community College, Bedford, MA, USA* Corresponding Author
International Journal of Professional Development, Learners and Learning, 7(1), January 2025, e2509, https://doi.org/10.30935/ijpdll/15807
Submitted: 20 August 2024, Published: 02 January 2025
OPEN ACCESS 177 Views 148 Downloads
ABSTRACT
As teachers gain experience beyond the first one third of their career (approximately 7 to 10 years), students not only make academic gains, but they also make non-academic gains such attendance improvements, fewer disciplinary offenses, increased time spent on reading for pleasure, and decreased time needed to complete homework. When students are taught by Teachers of Color (TOC) not only are these academic and non-academic gains experienced, but they are also particularly increased in Students of Color (SOC). However, TOC leave the profession at higher rates than their White counterparts. As such, if educational institutions want to continue supporting their SOC, they must consider implementing strategies known to support experienced TOC. One way to keep TOC in the profession is to offer these educators targeted professional learning (PL) opportunities in the form of racial affinity groups. Racial affinity groups support TOC because they affirm TOC goals, values, racial identities and humanity, while also providing mentorship and a sense of community that ultimately retains TOC in the profession. This study examines the PL experiences of six experienced TOC participating in a racial affinity group. Through semi-structured interviews, these TOC educator shared how participation in a racial affinity group as a PL experience transformed their teacher identities.
CITATION (APA)
Gonzalez, K. A. (2025). Transformative professional learning: Critical affinity groups for veteran K-12 Teachers of Color. International Journal of Professional Development, Learners and Learning, 7(1), e2509. https://doi.org/10.30935/ijpdll/15807
REFERENCES
- Achinstein, B. & Aguirre, J. (2008). Cultural match or culturally suspect: How new teachers of color negotiate sociocultural challenges in the classroom. Teachers College Record, 110(8), 1505–1540. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810811000802
- Anderson, M. D. (2015). Why schools need more Teachers of Color–for White students. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/08/teachers-of-color-white-students/400553/
- Bacher-Hicks, A., Chi, O. L., & Orellana, A. (2023). Two years later: How COVID-19 has shaped the teacher workforce. Educational Researcher, 52(4), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X231153659
- Bates, K. (2023). Racial affinity group field guide. Interaction Institute for Social Change. https://interactioninstitute.org/racial-affinity-group-field-guide/
- Boston Consulting Group. (2014). Teachers know best: Teachers’ views on professional development. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. https://usprogram.gatesfoundation.org/news-and-insights/usp-resource-center/resources/teachers-know-best-teachers-views-on-professional-development
- Brown v. Board of Education. (1954). Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483. Supreme Justice. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/
- Brown, K. M., & Wynn, S. R. (2009). Finding, supporting, and keeping: The role of the principal in teacher retention issues. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 8, 37–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700760701817371
- Cabrera-Duran, E. (2016). More than numbers: Recruitment and retention of teachers of color in U.S. public schools. #CritEdPol: Journal of Critical Education Policy Studies at Swarthmore College, 1(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.24968/2473-912X.1.1.6
- Carrillo, C., & Flores, M. A. (2017). Veteran teachers’ identity: What does the research literature tell us? Cambridge Journal of Education, 48, 639–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2017.1394982
- Carter Andrews, D. J., Castro, E., Cho, C. L., Petchauer, E., Richmond, G., & Floden, R. (2019). Changing the narrative on diversifying the teaching workforce: A look at historical and contemporary factors that inform recruitment and retention of Teachers of Color. Journal of Teacher Education, 70(1), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487118812418
- Carver-Thomas, D. (2018). Diversifying the teaching profession through high-retention pathways. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/diversifying-teaching-profession-brief
- Carver-Thomas, D., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher turnover: Why it matters and what we can do about it. Learning Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.54300/454.278
- Casey, K. (1993). I answer with my life: Life histories of women working for social change. Routledge.
- Christensen, J., Burke, P., Fesslar, R., and Hagstrom, D. (1983). Stages of teachers’ careers: Implications for professional development. ERIC Clearinghouse on Teacher Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED227054.pdf
- Clewell, B. C., Puma, M. J., & McKay, S. A. (2005). Does it matter if my teacher looks like me? The impact of teacher race and ethnicity on student academic achievement [Paper presentation]. The Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.
- Cochran-Smith, M., Baker, M., Burton, S., Chang, W. C., Cummings Carney, M., Fernández, M. B., Keefe, E. S., Miller, A. F., & Sánchez, J. G. (2017). The accountability era in U.S. teacher education: Looking back, looking forward. European Journal of Teacher Education, 40(5), 572–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2017.1385061
- Cosenza, M. N. (2013). Teacher leadership development in PDSS: Perceptions of 22 veteran teachers. School-University Partnerships, 6(1), 47–58.
- Day, C. & Gu, Q. (2009). Veteran teachers: Commitment, resilience and quality retention. Teachers Teaching Theory & Practice, 15(4), 441–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540600903057211
- Dee, T. (2004). Teachers, race, and student achievement in a randomized experiment. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(1), 195–210. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465304323023750
- Denevi, E. (2004). White on white. National Association of Independent Schools. https://www.nais.org/magazine/independent-school/summer-2004-(1)/white-on-white/
- Dixon, A. D., & Dingus, J. E. (2008). In search of our mother’s gardens: Black women teachers and professional socialization. Teachers College Record, 110(4), 805–837. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810811000403
- Dixon, D., Griffin, A., & Teoh, M. (2019). If you listen, we will stay: Why Teachers of Color leave and how to disrupt teacher turnover. Education Trust.
- Doan, S., Greer, L., Schwartz, H. L., Steiner, E. D., & Woo, A. (2022). State of the American teacher and state of the American principal surveys: 2022 technical documentation and survey results. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1108-3.html
- Donaldson, M. L., Moore Johnson, S., Kirkpatrick, C. L., Marinell, W.H., Steele, J. L., & Szczesiul. S. A. (2008). Angling for access, bartering for change: How second-stage teachers experience differentiated roles in schools. Teachers College Record, 110(5), 1088–1114. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810811000502
- Drake, M., Cowen, J., & Auletta, A. (2019). Race and gender differences in teacher evaluation ratings and teacher employment outcomes. Education Policy Innovation Collaborative. https://epicedpolicy.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/05/race_and_gender_policy_brief4WB.pdf
- Farkas, G., Grobe, R. P., Sheehan, D., & Shuan, Y. (1990). Cultural resources and school success: Gender, ethnicity, and poverty groups within an urban school district. American Sociological Review, 55, 127–142. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095708
- Fraga, L. R., Meier, K. J., & England, R. E. (1986). Hispanic Americans and educational policy: Limits to equal access. The Journal of Politics, 48(4), 850–876. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131003
- Furner, C., & McCulla, N. (2019). An exploration of the influence of school context, ethos and culture on teacher career-stage professional learning. Professional Development in Education, 45(3), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2018.1427134
- Gist, C. D., Bristol, T. J., & Kohli, R. 2021). Effective supports for Teachers of Color and Indigenous Teachers. Kappan Online. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2xqngb9
- Goldhaber, D., & Theobald, R. (2023). Teacher attrition and mobility in the pandemic. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 45(4), 682-687. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737221139285
- Great Schools Partnership. (2020). Racial affinity groups: Guide for school leaders. Great Schools Partnership. https://www.greatschoolspartnership.org/resources/educational-equity/racial-affinity-groups-guide-for-school-leaders/
- Grissom, J. A., & Keiser, L. R. (2011). A supervisor like me: Race, representation, and the satisfaction and turnover decisions of public sector employees. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 30, 557–580. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20579
- Hill, H. C., & Papay, J. P. (2022). Building better PL: How to strengthen teacher learning. Brown University. https://annenberg.brown.edu/sites/default/files/rppl-building-better-pl.pdf
- Irvine, J. J. (2002). In search of wholeness: African American teachers and their culturally specific classroom practices. Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230107182_8
- Kohli, R. (2016). Behind school doors: The impact of hostile racial climate on urban Teachers of Color. Urban Education, 53(3), 307–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916636653
- Kohli, R. (2019). Lessons for teacher education: The role of critical professional development in teacher of color retention. Journal of Teacher Education, 70(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487118767645
- Kohli, R., & Pizarro, M. (2022). The layered toll of racism in teacher education on teacher Educators of Color. AERA Open, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584221078538
- Kohli, R., Picower, B., Martinez, A. N., & Ortiz, N. (2015). Critical professional development: Centering the social justice needs of teachers. The International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 6(2), 7–24.
- Kohli, R., Pizarro, M., Garcia, L.-G., Kelly, L., Espinoza, M., & Cordova, J. (2021). Critical professional development and the racial justice leadership possibilities of teachers of colour in K-12 schools. Professional Development in Education, 47(1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2020.1814387
- Kulkarni, S. S., Bland, S., & Gaeta, J. M. (2022). From support to action: A critical affinity group of special education Teachers of Color. Teacher Education & Special Education, 45(1), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/08884064211061189
- Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146819509700104
- Leonardo, Z., & Porter, R. K. (2010) Pedagogy of fear: Toward a Fanonian theory of ‘safety’ in race dialogue. Race Ethnicity and Education, 13(2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2010.482898
- Lynn, M. (2002). Critical race theory and the perspectives of Black men teachers in the Los Angeles public schools. Equity and Excellence in Education, 35(2), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/713845287
- MA DESE. (2020). School and district profiles 2019-2020 teacher data – All teachers. Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/statereport/teacherdata.aspx
- Meier, K. J., Stewart, J., & England, R. E. (1989). Race, class, and education: The politics of second generation discrimination. University of Wisconsin Press.
- Meire, K. J. (1993). Latinos and representative bureaucracy: Testing the Thompson and Henderson hypotheses. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 3(4), 393–414.
- Michael, A., & Conger, M. C. (2009). Becoming an anti-racist White ally: How a White affinity group can help. Perspectives on Urban Education, 6(1), 56–60.
- Milner, H. R., IV, Pearman, F. A., III, & McGee, E. O. (2013). Critical race theory, interest convergence, and teacher education. In M. Lynn, & A. D. Dixon (Eds.), Handbook of critical race theory in education (pp. 339–354). Routledge.
- Morgan, H. (2019). The lack of minority students in gifted education: Hiring more exemplary Teachers of Color can alleviate the problem. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 92(4–5), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2019.1645635
- Mosely, M. (2018). The Black Teacher project: How racial affinity professional development sustains Black Teachers. The Urban Review: Issues and Ideas in Public Education, 50(2), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-018-0450-4
- NCES. (2020). Race and ethnicity of public school teachers and their students. National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2020/2020103/index.asp
- Parise, L. M., & Spillane, J. P. (2010). Teacher learning and instructional change: How formal and on-the-job learning opportunities predict change in elementary school teachers’ practice. The Elementary School Journal, 110(3), 323–346. https://doi.org/10.1086/648981
- Patterson, J. (2019). When educators of color are asked to be ‘everything’ for students of color. NEA Today. https://www.nea.org/nea-today/all-news-articles/when-educators-color-are-asked-be-everything-students-color
- Pearson, F., & Fuglei, M. (2019). Keeping Teachers of Color: Recruitment is not the problem. Journal of Curriculum, Teaching, Learning and Leadership in Education, 4(1).
- Podolsky, A., Kini, T., Bishop, J., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2016). Solving the teacher shortage: How to attract and retain excellent educators. Learning Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.54300/262.960
- Pour-Khorshid, F. (2018). Cultivating sacred spaces: A racial affinity group approach to support critical educators of color. Teaching Education, 29(4), 318–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2018.1512092
- Racial Equity Tools. (2020). Caucus and affinity groups. Racial Equity Tools. https://www.racialequitytools.org/resources/act/strategies/caucus-and-affinity-groups
- Savin-Baden, M., & Major, C. (2013) Qualitative research: The essential guide to theory and practice. Routledge.
- Scherff, L. (2015). Distinguishing professional learning from professional development. Regional Education Laboratory Pacific. https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs/regions/pacific/blogs/blog2_DistinguishingProfLearning.asp
- Sleeter, C. E. (2017). Critical race theory and the whiteness of teacher education. Urban Education, 52(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916668957
- Stovall, J. L., & Sullivan, T. R. (2022). ‘Grant us the sun’ : What Black teachers need. The Phi Delta Kappan, 104(1), 18–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/00317217221123644
- Warren-Grice, A., & Parker, L. (2017). Educational cultural negotiators for students of color: A descriptive of racial advocacy leaders. Race Ethnicity and Education, 1(21), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1294565
- Warren-Grice. (2021). A space to be whole: A landscape analysis of education-based racial affinity groups in the U.S. Black Teacher Project. https://www.blackteacherproject.org/research/
- White, M. J. (2022). “I am not alone”: Supporting Teachers of Color through affinity groups [Doctoral dissertation, Sacred Heart University].
- Yee, S. (2021). Retaining Teachers of Color: The role of equity professional development [Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois].